The Chinese consensus for surgical treatment of traumatic rib fractures 2021 (C-STTRF 2021) / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

Rib fracture is the most common injury in chest trauma. Most of patients with rib fractures were treated conservatively, but up to 50% of patients, especially those with combined injury such as flail chest, presented chronic pain or chest wall deformities, and more than 30% had long-term disabilities, unable to retain a full-time job. In the past two decades, surgery for rib fractures has achieving good outcomes. However, in clinic, there are still some problems including inconsistency in surgical indications and quality control in medical services. Before the year of 2018, there were 3 guidelines on the management of regional traumatic rib fractures were published at home and abroad, focusing on the guidance of the overall treatment decisions and plans; another clinical guideline about the surgical treatment of rib fractures lacks recent related progress in surgical treatment of rib fractures. The Chinese Society of Traumatology, Chinese Medical Association, and the Chinese College of Trauma Surgeons, Chinese Medical Doctor Association organized experts from cardiothoracic surgery, trauma surgery, acute care surgery, orthopedics and other disciplines to participate together, following the principle of evidence-based medicine and in line with the scientific nature and practicality, formulated the Chinese consensus for surgical treatment of traumatic rib fractures (STTRF 2021). This expert consensus put forward some clear, applicable, and graded recommendations from seven aspects: preoperative imaging evaluation, surgical indications, timing of surgery, surgical methods, rib fracture sites for surgical fixation, internal fixation method and material selection, treatment of combined injuries in rib fractures, in order to provide guidance and reference for surgical treatment of traumatic rib fractures.

Manejo actualizado de las fracturas costales / Current management of rib fractures

RESUMEN Las fracturas costales son la lesión más frecuente en los traumatismos torácicos. La fijación de las fracturas ha estado dirigida clásicamente al volet costal. En los últimos años se han extendido las indi caciones a las fracturas múltiples desplazadas aun sin volet. Se consideran asimismo otras indicaciones de osteosíntesis menos frecuentes. La neumonía y contusión pulmonar graves que requieren asisten cia respiratoria mecánica son consideradas contraindicaciones para la fijación quirúrgica. La primera semana es el momento óptimo para su realización. Diversos dispositivos de fijación se han ideado; las placas de titanio son las más utilizadas. La osteosíntesis costal ofrece a los pacientes una recuperación más rápida con menor estadía hospitalaria y en cuidados críticos, así como mejor funcionalidad respi ratoria y menor dolor en el corto y largo plazo.

ABSTRACT Rib fractures are the most common injuries in chest trauma. Fracture fixation has been traditionally performed in flail chest patients. Over the past years, the indication has been extended to multiple, severely displaced non-flail pattern fractures. Other less common indications for osteosynthesis have also been considered. Severe pneumonia and lung contusion requiring mechanical ventilation are considered contraindication for surgical fixation. The optimal timing for the intervention is the first week. Several devices have been developed for fracture fixation; titanium plates are the most commonly used. Rib fixation offers patients a more rapid recovery with shorter length of hospital stay and of intensive care unit stay with improved respiratory function and pain management in the short and long term.

Clinical Application and Mechanical Analysis of the Treatment of Multiple Rib Fractures and Flail Chest Using Three-wings Rib Plate / 中国医疗器械杂志

This research evaluated the clinical efficacy of three-wings rib plate in the treatment of multiple rib fractures and flail chest with mechanical analysis and clinical verification. The model of rib and three-wings rib plate was reconstructed. The contact simulation with pretension stress was applied to the plate's fixation, and it was found that the bearable stress of the rib fractures after fixation increased from the result which indicated a good fixation efficacy of the plate. Clinical data of 53 cases of rib fractures and flail chest treated with three-wings rib plate in Shanghai Pudong Hospital of Fudan University were retrospectively analyzed. After the operation, the pain of the patients was relieved. Postoperative CT reconstruction of the chest showed good restoration of the rib fractures, which verified the clinical efficacy of three-wings rib plate. The three-wings rib plate showed a high value in clinical use for treatment of rib fractures.

Continuous erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia of multiple rib fracture surgery: case report / Bloqueio do plano do eretor da espinha para analgesia pós-operatória de cirurgia de fratura de múltiplas costelas: relato de caso

Abstract Introduction: The erector spinae plane block is a newly described and effective interfascial plane block for thoracic and abdominal surgery. This case report describes a patient with multiple rib fractures undergoing ultrasound-guided continuous erector spinae plane block for analgesia. Case report: A 37-year-old male patient was taken for surgical fixation of multiple rib fractures. At the end of the surgery, using ultrasound-guided longitudinal parasagittal orientation 3 cm to the lateral aspect of the T5 spinous process and an in-plane technique, 20 mL 0.25% bupivacaine was administered between the erector spinae muscle and the transverse process, and a catheter was then inserted in the same plane. Before the end of surgery, 1 g paracetamol and 50 mg dexketoprofen were administered. Postoperative analgesia was applied with patient controlled analgesia method using 0.25% bupivacaine via the catheter. The patient's Visual Analogue Scale score at rest in the first 24 h was 0. The patient was monitored for 3 days with Visual Analogue Scale < 4, and the catheter was removed on postoperative day 4. No opioid requirement other than paracetamol and dexketoprofen occurred during this time. No postoperative complications were recorded. Discussion: The erector spinae plane block is an alternative to paravertebral, intercostal, epidural or other regional techniques. It may be a suitable technique in anesthesia and algology practice due to providing analgesia in the postoperative period with a catheter in the erector spinae plane.

Resumo Introdução: O bloqueio do plano do eretor da espinha é um bloqueio do plano interfacial recentemente descrito e eficaz para cirurgia torácica e abdominal. Neste relato descrevemos o caso de um paciente com fratura de múltiplas costelas, submetido ao bloqueio contínuo do plano do eretor da espinha guiado por ultrassom para analgesia. Relato de caso: Paciente do sexo masculino, 37 anos, encaminhado para fixação cirúrgica de fratura de múltiplas costelas. Ao final da cirurgia, usando a orientação parassagital longitudinal guiada por ultrassom 3 cm em relação à face lateral do processo espinhoso T5 e a técnica no plano, 20 ml de bupivacaína a 0,25% foram administrados entre o músculo eretor da espinha e o processo transverso, e um cateter foi então inserido no mesmo plano. Antes do final da cirurgia, 1 g de paracetamol e 50 mg de dexcetoprofeno foram administrados. A analgesia pós-operatória foi aplicada com o método de analgesia controlada pelo paciente, com bupivacaína a 0,25% via cateter. Na Escala Visual Analógica, o escore do paciente em repouso nas primeiras 24 h foi zero. O paciente foi monitorado por três dias com a Escala Visual Analógica < 4, e o cateter foi removido no quarto dia de pós-operatório. Exceto por paracetamol e dexcetoprofeno, não houve necessidade de outro agente opioide durante esse tempo. Não houve registro de complicação pós-operatória. Discussão: O bloqueio do plano do eretor da espinha é uma alternativa às técnicas paravertebrais, intercostais, epidurais ou outras técnicas regionais. Pode ser uma técnica adequada na prática de anestesia e algologia devido ao fornecimento de analgesia no período pós-operatório mediante um cateter no plano do eretor da espinha.

Reconstrucción temprana en el tórax inestable con sistema de osteosíntesis torácico: Reporte de caso / Early unstable chest reconstruction with thoracic osteosynthesis: A case report

Se presenta el caso de un paciente varón con tórax inestable. Esta lesión es una entidad poco común que puede ser originada por múltiples traumatismos de alto impacto. El diagnóstico se estableció por signos clínicos y estudios de imágenes. El paciente recibió tratamiento quirúrgico con un sistema de osteosíntesis costal (StraCos®); se discuten los resultados obtenidos y sugerencias para casos de este tipo. (AU)

We present the case of a male patient with unstable chest, which is a rare entity that may be caused by high impact trauma. The diagnosis was stablished by clinical manifestations and image results. The patient received surgical treatment with a rib osteosynthesis. We discussed the results obtained and propose suggestions to manage this kind of patients. (AU)

Fijación quirúrgica de fracturas costales con placas de titanio: reporte de dos casos / Surgical repair of rib fractures using titanium plates: report of two cases

Rib fractures are common lesions in blunt chest trauma. Disregarding the severity of other high energy associated lesions, chest wall trauma characteristically causes intense pain, respiratory complications and long-term disability. Pain relief and chest wall function restoration are obtained by surgical stabilization of rib fractures. In nowdays still there is a considerable variability in surgical techniques and devices, as well as in their results and clinical indications. We report two cases of chest wall trauma and rib fractures repaired with osteosynthesis (Synthes® system MatrixRIB. Solothurn, Switzerland) and we discuss their new clinical indications and results.

Las fracturas costales son lesiones frecuentes en los traumatismos torácicos contusos. Sin contar aquellas lesiones asociadas con la alta absorción de energía, las fracturas costales causan característicamente dolor intenso, complicaciones respiratorias y ausentismo laboral significativo. Una de las estrategias terapéuticas es la estabilización quirúrgica del foco de fractura, la cual tiene múltiples ventajas teóricas como la disminución del dolor y la restauración de la función de la pared costal. Existen múltiples formas de fijación costal, pero su indicación, técnica quirúrgica y resultados son muy disímiles. Presentamos dos casos de reparación de pared torácica con material de osteosíntesis especialmente diseñado para este efecto (Synthes® MatrixRIB, Solothurn, Suiza), y se discuten sus alcances en las indicaciones y resultados clínicos.

Fijación quirúrgica de las fracturas costales con placas de osteosíntesis. Experiencia inicial / Surgical fixatiion of fractures of the rib with osteosynthesis plates

Las fracturas costales son muy frecuentes en los traumatismos torácicos cerrados. La mayoría de estos pacientes tienen un dolor importante con los movimientos y con la tos. Los pacientes politraumatizados con tórax inestable presentan una alta morbimortalidad, el principal enfoque del tratamiento se centra en la terapia del dolor y la ventilación con presión positiva. Actualmente existen estudios que demuestran la mejoría en el tratamiento al utilizar la estabilización quirúrgica. Material y métodos: en el período comprendido entre diciembre de 2010 y diciembre de 2011, en nuestro hospital y en la práctica privada, se realizó la comparación prospectiva, de la evolución de 5 pacientes en los que se fijaron las fracturas costales con osteosíntesis con placa "U", con 8 pacientes a los que no se les realizó fijación quirúrgica de las fracturas costales. La edad promedio de cada grupo fue similar (34 y 39 años respectivamente). Solo se tuvieron en cuenta a aquellos pacientes que sufrieron al menos 2 fracturas en costillas diferentes. La placa en U posee entre 4-6 tornillos, orificios con rosca en la cara profunda de la placa y un puente que separa ambos segmentos estabilizadores. Para la valoración del dolor se utilizó la escala lineal analógica subjetiva asociada a la demanda de analgesia endovenosa en las primeras 24 horas y oral posteriormente. Esquema protocolizado (Diclofenac EV. 2 mg/kg, ibuprofeno 5,33 mg/kg VO., paracetamo 6,33 mg/kg VO). Analgesia adicional: primeras 24 hs se utilizó D-propoxifenos 1,52 mg/kg EV y luego de las 24 hs D-propoxifeno 2,6 mg/kg VO. Resultados: sobre el grupo control se observó que con el tratamiento farmacológico se logró controlar el dolor en el 37,5 % de los casos (3 pacientes), mientras que el 62,5 % restante requirió analgesia adicional. En el grupo con fijación quirúrgica solo un paciente (20%) requirió analgésicos sobre el grupo control. Todos los pacientes con dolor o inestabilidad mostraron mejoría subjetiva ...

Trauma to the chest wall frequently results in fracture of the ribs which provides its stability. As an injury it ranges from one which causes little but discomfort to one which is immediately life threatening. Most of these patients show important pain during movements and with cough. Politraumatized patients with unstable thorax present a high morbimortality, and the mainstay approach of treatment focuses in pain management and ventilation. Fixation of fractured ribs may be indicated if the injured chest wall requires a chest wall fixation with osteosynthesis plates. An initial experience presented by the authors, is discussed

Toracoplastia traumática: relato de caso / Trauma-related thoracoplasty: case report

O trauma é uma doença que afeta predominantemente os jovens, sendo a principal causa de morte nas primeiras três décadas de vida. O tórax instável é observado em aproximadamente 10 por cento dos casos de trauma de tórax, com mortalidade de 10-15 por cento. O caso clínico apresentado refere-se a uma paciente, vítima de acidente automobilístico, com trauma de tórax, ocasionando hemopneumotórax e fratura de múltiplos arcos costais, dor de difícil controle e deformidade torácica. São discutidas as opções terapêuticas. No presente caso, foi realizada fixação cirúrgica, com bom resultado.

Trauma primarily affects young people and is the leading cause of death in the first three decades of life. Flail chest is observed in approximately 10 percent of all patients with severe chest trauma, and the mortality rate among such patients is 10-15 percent. We report herein the case of a car accident victim with chest trauma causing hemopneumothorax and multiple rib fractures, intense pain and deformity of the chest wall. Surgical stabilization was performed, with good results. Therapeutic options are also discussed.

Movilidad residual en segmentos instrumentados y no artrodesados en fracturas de la columna toracolumbar / Residual mobility of instrumented and non-fused segments in thoracolumbar spine fractures

El tratamiento quirúrgico de las fracturas taracolumbares presenta potenciales beneficios. Sin embargo, la cirugía resuelve la inestabilidad fusionando segmentos móviles, restringiendo una función básica de la columna: el movimiento. La experiencia obtenida con la fijación pedicular nos ha llevado ha incorporar en nuestros algoritmos de tratamiento, el uso de artrodesis restringidas al segmento lesionado. Esto lo efectuamos con instrumentaciones largas y estabilizaciones transitorias sin fusión discal traumática, la movilidad persiste una vez retirarda la instrumentación. Se efectuo una revisión retrospectiva de 21 pacientes con tácnicas quirúrgicas que preservan segmentos móviles entre 1995 y 2001. Todos los pacientes se trataron con reducción indirecta con instrumentación transpedicular. El seguimiento promedio fue 46,6 meses. Se obtuvieron resultados clínicos satisfactorios en 94,7 por ciento. El estudio dinámico demostró un 75 por ciento (21 segmentos) con movilidad normal o disminuida y un 25 por ciento (7 segmentos) no móviles. Un 83,2 por ciento de segmento espinales presentaban movilidad cuando se retiro el instrumento antes de 10 meses de evolución y sólo un 68,8 por ciento cuando este fue posterior. Los segmentos con morfología discal inicial normal en resonancia magnética mantienen su movilidad en un alto porcentaje. Complicaciones ocurrieron en 4 pacientes: 2 infecciones superficial y 2 fracturas tardías de Schanz. Se concluye que en fracturas taracolumbares, los segmentos espinales no fusionados incluidos en instrumentaciones pediculares mantienen en un alto porcentaje la movilidad una vez retirado el instrumental.